Why and How to Act on BPA
Next week, everyone in Massachusetts has a really important opportunity to make a difference and get BPA out of our children’s products.
The week of April 5th, AHT is organizing a BPA Call-in-Week to Governor Patrick—and he needs to hear from you and your friends!
In preparation, here is a little reminder of why we’re so concerned about BPA.
The history of BPA: A hormone in the plastic
Bisphenol A or BPA was synthesized in a lab in 1891. In the 1930s, it was discovered that BPA mimics the hormone estrogen. It was not until the 1940s and 50s that the chemical was used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic (baby bottles, sippy cups, teethers, toys, pacifiers, water bottles and utensils to name a few) and epoxy resins (which line cans of baby formula and other canned foods). Today, BPA is a multibillion dollar industry and a countless number of consumer products contain BPA.
The multitude of Health Effects from BPA:
Over 90% of the hundreds of government-funded studies on low dose exposures to BPA have found health effects.1 Health problems linked to BPA include:
- Developmental and behavioral issues: Hyperactivity2, altered maternal behavior3, changes in male infant behavior4, impaired learning5, and delayed development.6
- Reproductive disorders: Recurrent miscarriages7, ovarian dysfunction8, abnormalities in female eggs9, early onset puberty10, altered mammary gland development11, early vaginal opening12, reduced sperm count13, increased anogenital distance14, and impacts on the testis.15
- Cancer: Breast cancer16, prostate cancer17, and reduced chemotherapy effectiveness.18
- Heart & liver problems, diabetes, obesity, and asthma: Heart disease19, diabetes20, liver abnormalities21, insulin resistance22,23, obesity24, asthma25, and heart arrhythmias.26 27
The US federal government is concerned, but has not acted yet
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) recently stated that there is “some concern about the potential effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and prostate gland of fetuses, infants and children.” The NTP also stated that there is “some concern about the effects of BPA on mammary gland and advanced puberty.” The U.S. Federal government has not taken action to regulate products containing BPA.
It’s in usBPA was detected in the urine of 93% of the American population in a 2003-2004 study. Children were found to have the highest levels, then adolescents, then women and then men. In addition, high-income households were found to have the lowest levels of BPA.
What’s happening in Massachusetts:
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health (DPH) has the legal power to phase-out the sale of toxic household products and can insist that the products on our store shelves are safer. Connecticut has passed a strong law to replace BPA with safer alternatives in many products; we deserve the same in Massachusetts.
This March, Governor Patrick directed the DPH to draft a regulation on BPA in childrens products, but he only specifically mentioned baby bottles and cups, stopping short of directing DPH to include infant formula, baby food packaging, or reusable food and beverage containers, which must also be regulated to fully protect children.
The DPH has announced that its draft regulation on BPA will go before its Public Health Council (PHC) on May 12th. PHC will have the final say on what products will be included in the products ban. However, Governor Patrick can continue to have influence over what the DPH staff proposes to the PHC, and the chemical industry opposition are already making their voices heard to the Governor.
The next step is to make sure that Governor Patrick hears from all of us who see the need for strong action on BPA health dangers! So stay tuned and get ready to call the Governor and ask him to phase-out BPA products, not just baby bottles and cups, but infant formula cans and food and beverage containers.
1 F Vom Saal, W Welshons. Large effects from small exposures II. The importance of positive controls in research on Bisphenol-A. Environmental Research 100:50-76. 2006.
2 M Ishido, Y Masuo, M Kunimoto, et al. Bisphenol-A causes hyperactivity in the rat concomitantly with impairment of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Journal of Neuroscience Research. 76(3):423-33. 2004.
3 P Palanza, KL Howdeshell, S Parmigiani, F vom Saal. (202) Exposure to a low dose of Bisphenol-A during fetal life or in adulthoodalters maternal behavior in mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:415-422. June 2002.
4 A Nakagami, T Negishi, K Kawasaki, N Imai, Y Nishida, T Ihara, Y Kuroda, Y Yoshikawa, T Koyama. Alternations in male infant behaviors towards its mother by prenatal exposure to Bisphenol-A in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) during early suckling period. Psychoneuroendocrinology doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.005.
5 NJ MacLusky, T Hajszan, C Leranth. The Environmental Estrogen Bisphenol-A Inhibits Estrogen-Induced Hippocampal Synaptogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives 113:675-679; Zsarnovszky A, Le H, Wang HS, Belche S. (2005). Ontogeny of Rapid Estrogen-Mediated Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling in the Rat Cerebellar Cortex: Potent Nongenomic Agonist and Endocrine Disrupting Activity of the Xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A. Endocrinology, 146:5388-5396. 2005.
6 R Heimeier, B Das, DR Buchholz, YB Shi. The xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A inhibits postembryonic vertebrate development by antagonizing gene regulation by thyroid hormone. Endocrinology doI:10.1210/en.2008-1503. 2009.
7 M Sugiura-Ogasawara, Y Ozaki, S Sonta, T Makino, K Suzumori. Bisphenol-A associated with recurrent miscarriage. Human Reproduction 20:2325-2329. 2005.
8 T Takeuchi, O Tsutsumi, Y Ikezuki, Y Takai, Y Taketani. Positive relationship between androgen and the endocrine disruptor, Bisphenol-A, in normal women and women with ovarian dysfunction. Endocr. J. 51:165–169. 2004.
9 PA Hunt, KE Koehler, M Susiarjo, CA Hodges, A Ilagan, RC Voigt, S Thomas, BF Thomas, TJ Hassold. Bisphenol-A exposure causes meiotic aneuploidy in the female mouse. Current Biology 13(7): 546-553. 2003
10 Y Nikaido, K Yoshizawa, N Danbara, M Tsujita-Kyutoku, T Yuri, N Uehara, A Tsubara. Effects of maternal xenoestrogen exposure on development of the reproductive tract and mammary gland in female CD-1 mouse offspring. Reprod. Toxicol. 18:803-811. 2004.
11T Murraya, V Maricel, A Maffinia, et al. (2007). Induction of mammary gland ductal hyperplasias and carcinoma in situ following fetal Bisphenol-A exposure. Reproductive Toxicology Volume 23, Issue 3, April-May 2007, Pages 383-390. 2007.
12 S Honma, A Suzuki, DL Buchanan, et al. Low dose effect of in utero human exposure to Bisphenol-A and diethylstilbestrol on female mouse reproduction. Reproductive Toxicology. 16:117-22. 2002.
13 F vom Saal, PS Cooke, DL Buchanan, et al. A physiologically based approach to the study of Bisphenol-A and other estrogenic chemicals on the size of reproductive organs, daily sperm production, and behavior. Toxicol Ind Health 14:239–260. Medline. 1998.
14 C Gupta. Reproductive malformation of the male offspring following maternal exposure to estrogenic chemicals. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. Jun;224(2):61-8. 2000.
15 K Kawai, N Takehiro, H Nishikata, et al. Aggressive behavior and serum testosterone concentration during the maturation process of male mice: The effects of fetal human exposure to Bisphenol-A. Environmental Health Perspectives.111:175-8. Medline. 2003.
16 S Jenkins, N Raghuraman, I Eltoum, M Carpenter, J Russo, C Lamartiniere. Oral Exposure to Bisphenol-A Increases Dimethylbenzanthracene-Induced Mammary Cancer in Rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 117:910-915. Doi:10.1289/ehp.11751. 2009.
17 YB Wetherill, CE Petre, KR Monk, et al. The Xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A Induces Inappropriate Androgen Receptor Activation and Mitogenesis in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Cells. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 1:515–524. 2002.
18 Byrne, Jane. US Study Claims BPA Induces Chemotherapy Resistance. October 9, 2008. Food Production Daily.
19 I Lang, T Galloway, A Scarlett, W Henley, M Depledge, et al. Association of Urinary Bisphenol-A Concentration With Medical Disorders and Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008.
20 I Lang, T Galloway, A Scarlett, W Henley, M Depledge, et al. Association of Urinary Bisphenol-A Concentration With Medical Disorders and Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008.
21 I Lang, T Galloway, A Scarlett, W Henley, M Depledge, et al. Association of Urinary Bisphenol-A Concentration With Medical Disorders and Laboratory Abnormalities in Adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2008.
22 P Alonso-Magdalena, S Morimoto, C Ripoll, et al. The Estrogenic Effect of Bisphenol-A Disrupts the Pancreatic ß-Cell Function in vivo and Induces Insulin Resistance. Environmental Health Perspectives 114:106-112. 2006.
23 AB Ropero, P Alonso-Magdalena, E García-García, et al. Bisphenol-A disruption of the pancreas and blood glucose homeostasis. Int J Androl. Apr; 31(2):194-200. 2008.
24 J Miyawaki J, Sakayama K, Kato H. Perinatal and postnatal exposure to Bisphenol-A increases adipose tissue mass and serum cholesterol level in mice. Atheroscler Thromb. Oct;14(5):245-52. Epub 2007, Oct 12. 2007.
25Midoro-Horiuti T, Tiwari R, Watson CS, Goldblum RM 2010. Maternal Bisphenol A Exposure Promotes the Development of Experimental Asthma in Mouse Pups. Environ Health Perspect 118:273-277. doi:10.1289/ehp.0901259
26 Raloff, Janet. Concerns over Bisphenol-A continue to grow: New studies of plastics chemical measure effects, exposures. ScienceNews. July 18, 2009. Vol.176 #2 (p.5).






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